Student Visas Revoked: ‘Catch and Revoke’ – Trump and Rubio Use AI and Social Media to Target International Students for Deportation

What F-1, J-1 and M-1 Students Should Know in 2025

In a sweeping move that has sent shockwaves through international student communities across the U.S., the State Department—under orders from Secretary of State Marco Rubio—has begun revoking student visas based on social media activity, including posts, shares, and even likes. The campaign, called “Catch and Revoke,” uses AI-powered surveillance to flag foreign nationals suspected of supporting Hamas or other designated foreign terrorist organizations.

This crackdown is impacting students from countries around the world—over 1,000,000 students, according to the Open Doors 2024 report. As the Trump administration intensifies its immigration enforcement actions under the new program called “Catch and Revoke,” dozens of international students and scholars—particularly those involved in pro-Palestinian activism—have been detained, deported, or forced to leave the United States for allegedly promoting anti-American sentiments and actively spreading Hamas propaganda through social media.

Many of those targeted are legal visa or green card holders at major institutions like Columbia University, Tufts, Georgetown, and the University of Minnesota.

This is just the beginning.

Key Developments: Targeting Speech, Protest, and Op-eds (but also those charged with misdemeanors like DUI)

Under the Catch and Revoke progran, more than 300 student and visitor visas have been revoked, according to Secretary of State Marco Rubio, based on students’ political views expressed on social media or participation in protests (even for non-violent speech).
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has arrested students for engaging in lawful protest or publishing critical opinion pieces.
The State Department is now urging some students to “self-deport”, warning they could face detention or removal if they don’t leave voluntarily.
Other F-1 students have reported visa cancellation for being charged with suspicion of DUI

“Every country has a right to decide who enters and who doesn’t,” US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said at a press conference.

While the administration cites national security concerns and alleged connections to Hamas and other safety concerns, legal experts and advocates say this wave of detentions raises serious questions about free speech, due process, and racial and political profiling, and the future of American higher education

“Freedom of speech and of the press is accorded to aliens residing in this country,” the Supreme Court ruled in Bridges v. Wixon (1945).

Critics argue these arrests directly violate that precedent.

These policies are already reshaping how international students experience life in the U.S. as fear and anxiety consumes many of the over 1 million international students now in the U.S.

Free Speech Under Fire

This crackdown raises urgent constitutional questions:

Are noncitizens protected under the First Amendment?
Is political protest grounds for visa revocation or deportation?

What Sparked the Crackdown?

Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced that more than 300 visas have been revoked since early 2025. These include:

Student visas (F-1, J-1)
Visitor visas (B-1/B-2)
In some cases, permanent residents (green card holders) have also been targeted

Rubio and administration officials say the goal is to protect national security and shut down pro-Hamas sentiment on U.S. campuses. But many of those detained never expressed support for Hamas, and instead were simply involved in anti-war protests, opinion writing, or calls for university divestment from Israel.

Emails Warning Students to Leave or Face Arrest

Under the “Catch and Revoke: progran, hundreds of international students have received State Department emails urging them to leave the U.S. voluntarily or risk detention. Many of these warnings are based on social media reviews.

“Some students were flagged for merely liking or resharing posts on Gaza,” Kably reported.

Rubio’s statement:

“We gave you a visa to come and study and get a degree, not to be a social activist that tears up our university campuses.”

“We’re looking every day for these lunatics that are tearing things

Implications for Students and Schools

Universities on college campuses may lose SEVP certification if too many students are found to violate visa conditions
Students may be deported without a trial or formal charges
Free speech on campus is under threat, especially for international students from Muslim-majority countries

“This policy has a chilling effect on political expression,” said a Georgetown law professor. “International students now fear sharing even peaceful pro-Palestinian views.”

Legal Tools Used by the Government: A Deep Dive

Legal Justification: A Cold War-Era Law

The legal tool being used to revoke the F-1 visas is INA § 212(a)(3)(C), which allows deportation if a noncitizen’s presence “may have potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences.”

It does not require criminal charges
Used very rarely since the 1980s
Gives the Secretary of State broad power without needing to present public evidence

Source: 8 U.S.C. § 1182 – Law Cornell

Stephen Yale-Loehr, immigration law professor: “This will be a legal mess. The courts will need to decide whether noncitizens have speech protections — and how far those go.”

The Trump administration cites national security and foreign policy concerns under §212(a)(3)(C) to justify revocations.

Rubio claims the targeted individuals have been connected to:

Pro-Palestinian protests
Campus disruptions or vandalism
Writing or speaking out in ways the administration deems threatening

He has repeatedly stated: “No one has a right to a visa… We deny visas every day, all over the world.”“If they’re in this country and participating in activities counter to U.S. foreign policy, we’ll revoke the visa. They’re not here to lead protests or occupy buildings.”

In terms of placing individuals in removal proceedings, like Khalil, Trump officials have cited several reasons:

8 U.S.C. § 237(a)(4)(C)(i): Removal for foreign policy threat
Used just 14 times in U.S. history
Almost never used in speech-related cases
Alleged ties to terrorism: Even without formal charges
Immigration fraud: Accusations of omissions or false information on visa or green card applications
Case of a legal permanent resident detained due to alleged links to pro-Palestinian activities

Example:

Mahmoud Khalil (Columbia) allegedly failed to disclose affiliations on his green card application
DHS claimed this justifies his removal for fraud

Read the law here: 8 U.S.C. § 237(a)(4)(C)(i)

Key facts about the provision:

It has rarely been used in recent decades.
It allows for broad, subjective discretion.
It does not require evidence in court unless challenged.
It applies even to lawful residents, depending on the case.

In the case of Khalil, officials reportedly pivoted to claiming he misrepresented facts on immigration paperwork by failing to disclose connections to UNRWA and campus advocacy organizations—an argument lawyers call “thinly veiled retaliation.

State Department Rules on “Prudential” Revocation of Non-Immigrant Visas: 9 FAM 403.11

The U.S. government can revoke a nonimmigrant visa (NIV) under specific legal circumstances. The Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM) Section 9 FAM 403.11 provides the legal basis. when and how a U.S. visa may be revoked.

Legal Basis for Visa Revocation

Visa revocation is grounded in U.S. law, primarily the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and federal regulations.

Key Statutory Authorities:

INA §221(i) – 8 U.S.C. §1201(i): Grants power to revoke visas when a person is found ineligible.
22 CFR §41.122 – View the regulation: Sets procedural rules for consular officers and the Department of State.

What is a Visa Revocation?

Revocation is the act of canceling a visa that has already been issued. It may happen for various reasons, such as new information about the visa holder’s eligibility or a criminal incident like a DUI.

When Can a Visa Be Revoked?

A consular officer may revoke a visa under these conditions:

The individual is found ineligible for the visa (e.g., fraud, criminal history, INA 214(b) ineligibility).
The visa is no longer in the original passport.
The traveler is listed on an IDENT watchlist due to a DUI or similar offense within the past five years.
Visa classification is incorrect or no longer applicable.

Department-Initiated Visa Revocations

Sometimes, revocations come directly from Washington (not the Embassy itself):

The Department may revoke a visa without informing the holder if based on national security or intelligence reports.
In such cases, consular sections must follow instructions provided via email.

These revocations can be “prudential”—based on suspected, not confirmed, ineligibility. Below is the reprint from the FAM:

9 FAM 403.11-5(B) (U) Prudential Revocations

(CT:VISA-2088; 10-02-2024)

a. Although you usually may revoke a visa only if the individual is ineligible under INA 212(a), or INA 214(b), or is no longer entitled to the visa classification, the Department may revoke a visa if an ineligibility or lack of entitlement is suspected, when an individual would not meet requirements for admission, or in other situations where warranted. This is known as a “prudential revocation.” In addition to the conditions described in 9 FAM 403.11-5(A) above, the Department may revoke a visa when it receives derogatory information directly from another U.S. Government agency, including a member of the intelligence or law enforcement community. These requests are reviewed by CA/VO/SAC/RC, which forwards an electronic memo requesting revocation to a duly authorized official in the Visa Office, along with a summary of the available intelligence and/or background information and any other relevant documentation. When prudential revocation is approved, the subject’s name is entered into CLASS, the visa case status is updated to “Revoke”, and the revocation is communicated within the Department and to other agencies by the following means:

c. Prudential Revocation for Driving Under the Influence: Either the consular section or the Department has the authority to prudentially revoke a visa based on a potential INA 212(a)(1)(A) ineligibility when an IDENT Watchlist Record appears in System Messages for a CJIS Search of US-VISIT or a CJIS Search of OBIM record. Before doing so, re-send the fingerprints to NGI to obtain a RAP sheet for an arrest or conviction of driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated, or similar arrests/convictions (DUI) that occurred within the previous five years. This does not apply when the arrest has already been addressed within the context of a visa application; i.e., the individual has been through the panel physician’s assessment due to the arrest. This does not apply to other alcohol related arrests such as public intoxication that do not involve the operation of a vehicle. Unlike other prudential revocations, you do not need to refer the case to the Department but can prudentially revoke on your own authority. Process the revocation from the Spoil tab NIV and add P1A3 and VRVK lookouts from the Refusal window.

Can a Revoked Visa Be Reinstated?

No.
Once a visa has been revoked and physically canceled:

The individual must apply for a new visa.
Travel on a revoked visa is not permitted under any circumstances.

DHS and Visa Cancellation at Ports of Entry

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) can also cancel visas at U.S. entry points. Common reasons include:

Fraud or misrepresentation
Criminal activity or inadmissibility
Withdrawal of visa application
Detection of counterfeit or altered visas

Resources and Help

U.S. Department of State – Visa Information: travel.state.gov
INA §221(i) – Visa Revocation Law: Cornell Legal Info
Visa Denials and Revocations – Help Page: U.S. Embassy Visa Info

What Makes This Moment Legally Unprecedented?

This is the first time in decades that:

Free speech is being used as a pretext for immigration enforcement
Hundreds of students are affected at once
The State Department is openly monitoring social media for visa applicants abroad

This new policy stance has blurred the line between free speech and what the administration views as a threat to public order or national interests.

“Catch and Revoke” Program Targets Student Protesters

Central to this initiative is the “Catch and Revoke” program, spearheaded by Secretary of State Marco Rubio. This program focuses on identifying and revoking visas of foreign students involved in pro-Palestinian protests, which the administration associates with support for Hamas. A senior State Department official referred to the targeted demonstrators as “Hamasniks,” individuals the government claims have shown support for the terrorist group.

One “Like” and You’re Out

The U.S. State Department has issued a sweeping directive requiring enhanced social media vetting for all F-1 (academic students), M-1 (vocational students), and J-1 (exchange visitors) applying for visas. This action, outlined in a classified cable sent on March 26, 2025, reflects the Trump administration’s expanding use of digital surveillance in immigration enforcement, particularly for foreign students.

The cable, titled “Action Request: Enhanced Screening and Social Media Vetting for Visa Applicants,” was signed by Secretary of State Marco Rubio and mandates new procedures for U.S. consulates worldwide.

Liking the wrong post can now cost you your future in America.

Even a social media repost can be interpreted as support for terrorism. We’re advising students to cleanse their online presence and avoid all political commentary

What’s in the New Order? Key Takeaways

Mandatory social media checks for all F, M, and J visa applicants
Retroactive review for current and past student visa holders from October 7, 2023, onward
Evidence of sympathy for terrorism—or even hostile views toward U.S. institutions—can now justify visa denial
Social media posts, likes, shares, and reposts may all be flagged
Officers are instructed to screenshot and permanently store relevant posts

“This is not limited to explicit support for terrorism,” the cable states.
“Even public advocacy or apparent sympathy may trigger visa ineligibility.”

Context: Tied to Trump’s Executive Orders on National Security

This move follows Executive Order 14161 signed by President Trump on January 20, 2025, titled “Protecting the United States from Foreign Terrorists and Other National Security and Public Safety Threats.”

The cable specifically requires consular officers to:

Vet all F, M, and J visa applicants, including renewals
Flag those who held visas between October 7, 2023 – August 31, 2024
Investigate anyone whose visa was terminated during this time
Store screenshots as evidence in permanent case files

What Can Trigger a Visa Denial?

Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), consular officers are now directed to deny visas based on:

“Advocacy for or sympathy with terrorist organizations”
Posts considered hostile to U.S. culture, values, or government
Reposting or sharing material from controversial accounts—even if the applicant did not create the original content

Examples of reviewable content:

Pro-Palestinian or anti-Israel posts flagged as “extreme”
Memes, slogans, or videos that appear to support militant resistance
Public criticism of the U.S. government, especially after Oct. 7, 2023
“Hostile attitudes” toward American institutions or values

“Even if the applicant doesn’t post the content themselves, sharing or endorsing it may be considered a red flag,” the cable states.

Applies to Both Applicants Abroad and Visa Holders Already in the U.S.

This order is not limited to new visa applicants. Consular officers are also authorized to review the social media activity of current F, M, and J visa holders already in the United States.

If problematic content is discovered, officers must:

Report to the Visa Office
Request formal review of the individual’s status
Recommend possible visa revocation

How the Program Works

Federal officials have reviewed 100,000 student visa holders in the Student and Exchange Visitor System (SEVIS) since October 2023
AI tools analyze:
- Social media content (posts, likes, hashtags)
- News reports involving foreign students in protests
- Campus incident records or lawsuits mentioning foreign nationals
If posts appear to support the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel or exhibit “pro-Hamas” rhetoric, the visa can be revoked immediately
Even deleted posts are captured through AI and stored in immigration records

“AI gives us real-time insight that was never available before,” said one official.
“We’re using it to protect national security, plain and simple.”

Former ICE agents and legal scholars warn that algorithmic errors could lead to wrongful detentions.

Greg Chen, American Immigration Lawyers Association:
“What’s new is ICE showing up at dorms, at campus gates — it’s an escalation we haven’t seen in prior administrations.”

New Rules: What Will Trigger a Visa Denial?

According to the cable from Secretary of State Marco Rubio, consular officers are now instructed to reject visa applicants who:

Publicly praise, support, or express approval of what the U.S. defines as terrorist activity or terrorist organizations
Demonstrate hostile attitudes toward U.S. citizens, culture, or government institutions
Are affiliated with or donate to organizations under investigation for terrorism links

The guidance explicitly includes social media activity and directs consular fraud units to:

Conduct mandatory reviews of all applicants’ social media accounts
Take screenshots of content deemed “derogatory,” even if deleted later
Save this evidence in the applicant’s official file to support a possible denial

“Every visa decision is a national security decision,” reads the memo.

Who’s Affected: Foreign Students and Scholars

The order specifically targets:

New visa applicants seeking to begin study in the U.S.
Renewals for students already in the U.S. as of October 7, 2023 (the date of the Hamas-led attacks on Israel)

What Counts as “Terrorist Support”? The Bar Is Low

The policy does not require applicants to explicitly support a designated foreign terrorist organization (FTO). Visa denials may be based on:

Sharing or reposting content viewed as sympathetic to Hamas or similar groups
Participating in peaceful pro-Palestinian campus protests
Donating to student organizations under political scrutiny

This raises significant civil liberties concerns, especially for Muslim students or those from countries with a record of human rights activism.

How the U.S. Defines a Terrorist Organization

The U.S. Department of State maintains a list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act. These include groups like:

Hamas
Hezbollah
Islamic State (ISIS)
Al-Qaeda

See the full FTO list on the State Department website.

Even indirect support, such as promoting sympathy for affected populations in Gaza, may now be flagged as suspicious.

Potential Impact on Universities

Institutions like Columbia University and UCLA, known for significant pro-Palestinian protests, are under heightened scrutiny. Officials have indicated that universities failing to address or prevent such demonstrations may face consequences, including the loss of certification to enroll foreign students.

The Email No Student Wants to Receive

Students targeted in the campaign are receiving abrupt and unsettling emails from the Bureau of Consular Affairs. These messages often include language like:

“Your F-1 visa… was revoked in accordance with Section 221(i) of the United States Immigration and Nationality Act.”

“Remaining in the United States without a lawful immigration status can result in fines, detention, and/or deportation.”

Students are urged to use the CBP One app to confirm their intent to leave the U.S. and are explicitly warned not to attempt reentry without a new visa.

Key Points of the “Catch and Revoke” Program:

· Visa Revocations: Over 300 foreign students have had their visas revoked, primarily student visas, within the first three weeks of the program’s operation.

· Comprehensive Review: The program entails a thorough examination of institutions with foreign students, assessing their involvement in activities perceived as supportive of Hamas. This scrutiny could lead to the decertification of schools from the Student and Exchange Visitor Program, effectively barring them from enrolling international students.

· Use of Artificial Intelligence: The State Department employs AI technology to analyze social media accounts and other digital footprints of student visa holders to identify support for Hamas or related organizations.

A New Era of Digital Surveillance

The “Catch and Revoke” program represents the first time U.S. immigration enforcement has explicitly tied visa eligibility to AI-assisted social media surveillance. Students can now face:

Visa revocation without notice
Removal proceedings or detention
Lifetime inadmissibility depending on the length of unlawful presence

Click With Caution

For international students in the U.S., the landscape has changed dramatically. A single click—like, share, comment, or repost—could be enough to trigger visa cancellation, detention, or deportation.

Students, especially those from countries like India, Turkey, and Iran, are being advised to scrub their social media and avoid online engagement in politically sensitive issues.

“The line between protest and punishment is now blurry—and the consequences are real,” said an immigration law professor at Georgetown University.

Changes to Unlawful Presence Rules

As of January 2025, a change to USCIS policy now states that unlawful presence begins immediately after a student’s status ends. In the past, students wouldn’t begin accruing unlawful presence unless a formal determination was made. This means:

Once your SEVIS (Student and Exchange Visitor Information System) record is terminated, you may be immediately considered “out of status”
Remaining in the U.S. without legal status can trigger 3- or 10-year reentry bans

What Applicants and Visa Holders Should Do Now

Given the scope and seriousness of this policy, all current and prospective international students should take the following steps:

Review all public social media profiles (Twitter/X, Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, LinkedIn, Reddit)
Delete or privatize any content that could be misinterpreted as anti-American or sympathetic to terrorism
Avoid reposting or “liking” content from controversial pages or protest groups
Take screenshots of your own content to provide context if questioned later
Consult an immigration attorney before applying or if you receive a warning notice

The Legal Concerns: Free Speech and Due Process Violations

Immigration and constitutional law experts are raising red flags over several aspects of the Trump administration’s approach:

Visa revocations are occurring without due process—students are often not informed or allowed to respond to accusations.
Social media monitoring is triggering visa cancellations, even for content as minor as reposting protest videos or articles.
SEVIS records are being terminated without student knowledge, leading to automatic “out of status” designations and removal proceedings.

Arrests Linked to Student Activism, Not Crimes

The students’ attorneys say their clients are being targeted not for illegal activity, but for protected political speech.

Students who are peacefully speaking out about human rights violations in Gaza are being swept up in a political crackdown. But protesting war is not the same as supporting terrorism.

Compassion is not a crime.

“This isn’t about public safety,” said a civil liberties attorney. “It’s about silencing dissent.”

Historical Parallel: Echoes of Operation Boulder (1972)

Critics have compared the new initiative to Operation Boulder, a Nixon-era program that targeted Arab Americans and pro-Palestinian activists for surveillance. The use of AI and social media screening today makes the reach far greater and faster.

“With AI, we’re now seeing algorithmic censorship of global political opinion,” said Abed Ayoub of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.
“This is mass surveillance disguised as security policy.”

Who’s Been Targeted? Key Cases

Here’s a breakdown of prominent detainees and why their cases are drawing attention:

1. Mahmoud Khalil – Columbia University

Status: U.S. green card holder
Allegation: Failing to disclose ties to Palestinian organizations
Detention: Held at a Louisiana ICE facility after arrest in NYC
Legal Battle:
- Government cited “foreign policy threat”
- A judge temporarily blocked his deportation
- His wife, a U.S. citizen, is 8 months pregnant

Read more: Khalil’s case coverage – AP

2. Rumeysa Ozturk – Tufts University

Status: Turkish doctoral student on F-1 visa
Allegation: DHS says she “supported Hamas” – no details provided
Incident: Arrested by six plainclothes ICE agents while walking to break fast during Ramadan
Free Speech Concern:
- Co-authored a campus op-ed criticizing Tufts’ handling of divestment demands
- Never mentioned Hamas

Ongoing Legal Case:

Boston judge halted her deportation
She experienced an asthma attack in ICE custody

3. Badar Khan Suri – Georgetown University

Status: Indian national on J-1 visa
Arrested: March 17 at home in Virginia
Allegation: DHS claims “social media connections” to Hamas figures
Defense:
- Works in peacebuilding and Middle East studies
- His wife is a Palestinian-American activist
- No evidence of criminal wrongdoing presented

Other Known Cases

Name	School	Status	Allegation	Current Outcome
Yunseo Chung	Columbia	Green card	Participated in protest	Court blocked detention
Leqaa Kordia	Columbia	West Bank citizen	Visa expired, accused of protest involvement	Arrested
Alireza Doroudi	Univ. of Alabama	Iranian national	Accused of visa overstay	Detained
Momodou Taal	Cornell	UK/Gambia citizen	Participated in Gaza protests	Left voluntarily after legal fight
Rasha Alawieh	Brown Medical School	Lebanese	Attended Nasrallah’s funeral	Deported
Ranjani Srinivasan	Columbia	Fulbright scholar	Visa revoked	Fled to Canada
Kseniia Petrova	Harvard	Russian researcher	Undeclared frog embryos (research)	Detained in Louisiana, faces deportation to Russia

Free Speech vs. Deportation: A Constitutional Test Case

The central legal question: Do visa holders have First Amendment rights?

Legal experts argue that anyone on U.S. soil is protected under the Constitution
But the government can still revoke immigration benefits without traditional court processes

This has created a legal gray area:

Permanent residents face longer legal battles
Visa holders can be detained and removed with little notice

Lawsuits are already underway, and more are expected from academic and civil rights groups.

What Rights Do Student Visa and Green Card Holders Have?

Despite being noncitizens, foreign nationals in the U.S. do have constitutional protections, including:

First Amendment: Free speech, peaceful assembly, and expression
Due process rights: The right to a fair hearing before deportation
Access to counsel: While not entitled to a free lawyer (like in criminal court), they can retain one privately

Key Rights in Immigration Proceedings:

A right to a hearing before an immigration judge
The ability to challenge detention by filing a habeas corpus petition
A right to appeal the judge’s decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals or federal courts

Elora Mukherjee, director of Columbia Law’s Immigrants’ Rights Clinic:
“The First Amendment protects the right to freedom of speech for all people in the U.S., regardless of immigration status. That’s long-established constitutional law.”

Why Are These Students Being Detained Without Charges?

The Trump administration argues that certain students:

Pose a national security threat
Support or promote terrorist groups such as Hamas (a U.S.-designated terrorist organization)
Threaten U.S. foreign policy interests

But critics argue that:

No formal terrorism charges have been filed
Most detainees have no criminal records
Allegations often stem from speech, social media posts, or campus activism

Stephen Yale-Loehr, Cornell Law:
“The administration is more aggressive than past ones — locking up people with no criminal records just for alleged visa issues or political speech.”

Can Students Be Deported for Exercising Free Speech?

Legally, no — not just for speech alone.

However, the government can revoke visas or initiate removal if it claims that:

Speech is tied to a terrorist group or incites violence
There was fraud or omission on immigration paperwork
The student’s presence causes foreign policy harm

Cheryl David, NY Immigration Attorney:
“Saying Israel is committing genocide isn’t grounds for deportation. But if the government claims that speech was tied to supporting terrorism, then they’ll try to use that as a removal basis.”

A Broader Pattern: Visas Revoked Without Charges

What makes this crackdown unusual is that:

None of the detained students have been criminally charged
Visa revocations are being used preemptively, often based on:
- Written criticism of U.S. foreign policy
- Participation in campus protests
- Alleged (but unsubstantiated) claims of property damage

Federal law does not require criminal charges to revoke a visa. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, the State Department can rescind a visa based on “potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences.”

Legal resource: 8 U.S.C. § 1182 – Inadmissible aliens

Rubio’s Broader Strategy: “Every Day We Look for Them”

Rubio, who recently visited Israel and reaffirmed U.S. support, has made student protesters a high-profile target:

“We’re not going to import chaos. These people are here to study, not to lead activist movements.”

He suggested the administration is working with embassies, universities, and federal agencies to identify students who:

Participate in unauthorized protests
Write or share political content tied to Palestinian advocacy
Are believed to be part of “organized activist movements”

This reflects a broader policy goal: to remove students deemed politically problematic, even if they’ve broken no laws.

Are Students Losing Legal Protection?

According to civil rights attorneys, these actions raise major constitutional questions about:

First Amendment rights for noncitizens
The legality of targeting students for peaceful political speech
The use of immigration enforcement as a tool of ideological control

“You don’t need to be a citizen to have constitutional rights while you’re in the U.S.,”
says Stephen Yale-Loehr, immigration law professor at Cornell.

What Can International Students Do?

Students worried about visa status or being targeted should:

1. Contact Your University’s International Student Office

Schools like Tufts, Columbia, and University of Illinois are urging students to:
- Keep copies of immigration documents
- Avoid unnecessary travel
- Document communications with federal agencies
- Reach out to the campus international student office for assistance during challenging times

2. Know Your Legal Rights

You have the right to:
- Legal counsel (though not government-provided)
- A removal hearing before an immigration judge
- Challenge detention in federal court

Can Students Fight These Deportations?

Yes — but it’s difficult, especially from detention.

They can:

Challenge the decision in immigration court
File habeas corpus in federal court to contest detention
Appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals
Ask for injunctive relief to pause deportation until their case is heard
Requesting SEVIS reinstatement through USCIS (a difficult and uncertain process)
Departing the U.S. voluntarily, then applying for a new visa abroad

They cannot:

Access a government-appointed attorney
Easily file cases from rural detention centers (like Louisiana or Texas)

Renata Castro, immigration attorney:
“Being detained in remote ICE facilities breaks people’s spirit. Many choose self-deportation rather than fight for months in legal limbo.”

Why Is Location of Detention So Important?

Many detainees are moved across state lines after arrest. For example:

Students arrested in New York or Massachusetts are taken to ICE centers in Louisiana
Once there, any court petitions must be filed in conservative courts (e.g., 5th Circuit), which are less likely to rule in their favor

Nicholas Espíritu, National Immigration Law Center:
“These are young students, many with no legal training, held far from their schools or families, trying to fight an invisible legal battle.”

The Black Hole: Why Are Detainees Being Transferred to Louisiana?

At least three international students recently detained by U.S. immigration authorities under the Trump administration have been transferred to remote detention centers in rural Louisiana—facilities long criticized by human rights organizations for unsanitary conditions, limited access to lawyers, and harsh treatment.

The students—Mahmoud Khalil (Columbia University), Rumeysa Ozturk (Tufts University), and Alireza Doroudi (University of Alabama)—are all now facing deportation proceedings in Louisiana, far from the universities they once attended.

Where Are the Students Now?

The students were arrested in different states and transferred across the country to ICE detention centers in Louisiana:

Mahmoud Khalil, a lawful permanent resident and student protest leader at Columbia, was arrested in New York and sent to the Central Louisiana ICE Processing Center in Jena, LA—more than 1,000 miles away.
Alireza Doroudi, an Iranian Ph.D. candidate in Alabama, was arrested off campus and is also being held in Jena.
Rumeysa Ozturk, a Turkish doctoral student on a valid F-1 visa, was picked up by plainclothes agents in Massachusetts and transported to the South Louisiana ICE Processing Center in Basile, LA, which houses female detainees.

These detention centers have been described as “black holes” by advocacy groups because of their secrecy, isolation, and inhospitable conditions.

Why Louisiana? And Why These Facilities?

The federal government has the authority to detain immigrants in facilities across the country, but advocates say Louisiana has become a strategic location:

It has a high concentration of ICE beds, second only to Texas.
It falls under the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, one of the most conservative in the country—making it more likely that deportation rulings will be upheld.
According to Syracuse University’s TRAC database, more than 7,000 immigrants are currently detained by ICE in Louisiana—over 14% of the nationwide total of 48,000.

“Louisiana became central to immigrant detention during Trump’s first term,” said Mary Yanik, director of the Immigrant Rights Clinic at Tulane Law School. “These are places where access to attorneys, families, and fair courts is severely limited.”

Human Rights Violations in Louisiana Detention Centers

Louisiana ICE facilities, especially Jena and Basile, have been under federal and independent investigation for years. Issues documented include:

Medical neglect
Lack of translators
Undrinkable water and moldy food
Mosquito infestations
Isolation from legal counsel

A 2024 report titled “Inside the Black Hole”, co-authored by Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, documented systemic abuses, including:

Verbal abuse and discriminatory treatment
Lack of hygiene supplies and proper medical care
Barriers to due process, such as not being able to understand legal documents or obtain representation

“We met many people who had no access to lawyers, families, or even the outside world,” said Sarah Gillman, one of the report’s authors.

Read the full report: Inside the Black Hole (RFK Human Rights, 2024)

ICE and GEO Group Remain Silent

ICE has not publicly responded to recent questions about the facilities’ conditions.
The GEO Group, a private prison company that runs both the Jena and Basile centers, also declined to comment on the reported abuses.
ICE previously claimed it maintains “safe, secure, and humane environments”, but multiple watchdog reports and media investigations contradict that assurance.

Legal Risks and Judicial Disadvantages for the Students

Detaining students in Louisiana has legal implications that may weaken their defense:

Their immigration hearings fall under the jurisdiction of the 5th Circuit Court, which has a long history of rulings hostile to asylum and student relief claims.
Any appeal would face a much tougher legal climate than in jurisdictions like the 2nd Circuit (New York) or 9th Circuit (California).
Detained immigrants’ cases are fast-tracked, giving lawyers less time to prepare.

“Where you’re detained can determine whether you win or lose your case,” said Kathleen Bush-Joseph of the Migration Policy Institute. “Precedents differ by circuit, and access to representation is everything.”

Legal Remedies Students Can Pursue

Key Legal Fact: Visa Revocation Does Not Automatically Terminate Student Status

Even if your visa (the stamp in your passport) has been revoked under INA 221(i), this does not necessarily terminate your F-1 status inside the U.S. As long as you’re:

Enrolled full-time at a SEVP-certified school
Complying with your visa conditions (e.g., no unauthorized employment)

… you are still considered “in status” and can continue attending school.

Important distinction:

Visa = permission to enter the U.S.
Status = permission to stay in the U.S.

If you leave the U.S., you’ll need to reapply for a new visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate to return.

Can You Still Stay in the U.S. If Your Visa Was Revoked?

Yes—in most cases, visa revocation doesn’t affect your ability to remain in the U.S., study, or apply for status extensions. Even H-1B workers can continue working if their visa is revoked, as long as their status is valid.

Revocation of a visa does not prevent a noncitizen from maintaining their lawful status inside the U.S.

Understanding Visa Revocation

Visa revocation means that your visa is no longer valid for entry into the United States. However, if you are already in the country, revocation does not automatically terminate your current status. Maintaining compliance with all visa requirements is crucial to preserving your lawful presence.

Key Points to Consider

· Legal Status Within the U.S.: If your visa is revoked while you are in the United States, you may still maintain your lawful status as long as you continue to comply with the terms of your visa category. This includes maintaining full-time enrollment and adhering to any employment restrictions.

· Impact on International Travel: A revoked visa cannot be used for re-entry into the United States. If you leave the country after your visa has been revoked, you will need to apply for a new visa before attempting to return. This process may involve additional scrutiny and is not guaranteed.

· Notification of Revocation: The Department of State typically notifies individuals of visa revocations. However, communication may not always occur promptly. If you have been arrested for or convicted of a DUI or similar offense, it is advisable to verify the status of your visa proactively.

Recommendations for Affected Students

If you are an international student concerned about your visa status:

Know your rights:
- You don’t have to speak to ICE without a lawyer
- You can refuse entry unless ICE has a signed warrant
Contact your university’s DSO (Designated School Official) immediately
Stay in compliance with visa rules.
Update your DSO (Designated School Official) with any status change
Be cautious with social media.
Posts supporting certain political causes could be misinterpreted and used against you during a review.
Avoid any DUI or substance-related or other criminal incidents.
Alcohol-related offenses are high-risk triggers for ICE action.
Stay in regular contact with international student offices
Report visa revocations or travel issues immediately
Avoid international travel unless absolutely necessary
Seek Legal Counsel: Consider consulting an immigration attorney to explore your options and ensure compliance with U.S. immigration laws.
Document your academic and legal standing
- Keep transcripts, visa approvals, and DSO records up to date
Audit your social media presence
- Remove posts that could be misinterpreted
  - Avoid political hashtags or reposts tied to armed conflict
Avoid controversial political posts or public affiliations
Seek legal advice if contacted by ICE or the State Department
Stay enrolled full-time and communicate with your Designated School Official (DSO)

Carry physical copies of all immigration documents
Keep proof of enrollment readily available
Maintain a record of all U.S. addresses lived at since arrival
Avoid sharing sensitive information
Ensure their SEVIS record is accurate and up-to-date including your address, program status, and any changes in your academic or employment situation.
Review Your Devices. Regularly check what you have stored on your devices, including deleted files, as immigration officers may ask to inspect them.
OPT: Maintain Full-Time Enrollment: Always enroll full-time and contact your DSO before dropping any courses.
Do Not Work Without Authorization: Ensure you have the proper authorization to work on or off-campus.
Keep Important Documents Safe: Safeguard your passport, visa, and Form I-20 (Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status).
Check Your Email Regularly: Monitor your university email for important updates and information from your DSO and the Office of International Student Services.
Seek Advice from Experts: If you have questions or concerns about your F-1 status, seek advice from your DSO or a lawyer specializing in immigration law.
Understand SEVIS Reporting Requirements: Familiarize yourself with the reporting requirements for DSOs, which include reporting changes in student status, address, and employment.

If you’re applying for or renewing a U.S. student visa, here’s how to reduce risk:

Review your social media: Delete or privatize politically sensitive content, especially related to U.S. foreign policy or Palestine.
Avoid affiliation with controversial groups, even those active on U.S. campuses.
Keep copies of your posts and protest records for legal defense, if needed.
Consult an immigration attorney before applying or if you receive a consular warning.
Be aware that even off-campus speech may be scrutinized.

ICE Is Canceling SEVIS Status Without Notice

In a disturbing new trend, ICE has begun terminating students’ F-1 records in SEVIS, the federal system that tracks international students. This undermines the authority of Designated School Officials (DSOs) and violates due process, legal experts argue.

Students have reported receiving emails urging them to leave the country or face arrest.
These warnings are sometimes based on social media reviews of protest-related content.

Example: Students have been flagged for simply liking or reposting peaceful protest images.

See The Times of India’s full report on this troubling development.

If You’re Placed in Removal Proceedings, You Can Fight Back

Even if your visa is revoked, and even if ICE places you in deportation proceedings, you still have rights. These include:

Challenge SEVIS termination in federal court under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) if no due process was given.
Defend against removal in immigration court, especially on First Amendment grounds.
File a habeas corpus petition if detained, to challenge the legality of their arrest or detention.
Seek bond hearings before an immigration judge while fighting deportation.
Continuing your education while fighting your case

A student like Mahmoud Khalil, arrested for peaceful protest, can argue that the revocation is politically motivated and violates the First Amendment.

Legal Protections You Can Use:

INA 237(a)(1)(B): This clause says a revoked visa makes you deportable, but it does not mean you’re automatically out of status.
You remain legally present until an immigration judge rules otherwise.

INA 221(i): Gives the Secretary of State the right to revoke a visa, but not to determine your right to stay in the country. That’s up to immigration courts

If SEVIS Was Terminated Without Notice, You May Sue

If your SEVIS status was canceled without any warning, you may be able to sue under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). The argument: the government acted in an “arbitrary and capricious” manner and violated your right to due process.

SEVIS termination can be challenged in federal court
Visa revocation itself cannot be challenged until removal proceedings begin

Can You Be Enrolled in School Without F-1 Status? Yes.

Even if your F-1 status is terminated, schools are not legally obligated to expel you. Key points:

Universities are not required to verify immigration status like employers (who must complete I-9 forms).
A student can attend classes even:
- Without a valid visa
- While in removal proceedings
- While applying for DACA or adjustment of status (I-485)

Schools may still issue transcripts, offer legal referrals, and continue class enrollment.

What You Can Do Now

If you’ve received a visa revocation notice or SEVIS termination:

Stay calm and seek legal help from immigration experts like Cyrus Mehta & Partners
Challenge removal in immigration court with an experienced attorney
File a habeas petition if you are detained
Demand your school continue to allow you to study while your case is pending
Document everything—emails, calls, social media reviews—and keep all legal papers

From Protestors to DUI: Drunk Driving Can Lead to Visa Revocation and Deportation

If you’re studying or working in the United States on an F-1 visa (or any non-immigrant visa), it’s important to understand that even a single drunk driving charge —whether you’re convicted or not—can have severe immigration consequences.

Drunk Driving Offense Leads to ICE Detention of International Student

Recently, a graduate student at the University of Minnesota was detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) after a prior Driving Under the Influence (DUI) offense. The student, on an F-1 student visa and enrolled in the university’s business school, was arrested at an off-campus residence. The detention came amid a wider crackdown on student visa holders linked to pro-Palestinian protests—but in this case, the arrest had a different basis.

“This is not related to student protests,” the Department of Homeland Security clarified. “The individual in question was arrested after a visa revocation by the State Department related to a prior criminal history for a DUI.”

Despite that clarification, legal experts say the case highlights the growing power of U.S. immigration agencies to revoke visas—sometimes without trial or explanation.

Understanding the Law: Why a DUI Can Jeopardize Your U.S. Visa

While a DUI might seem like a misdemeanor offense, in immigration law, it can trigger harsh penalties—even without a conviction. Here’s how:

Visa Revocation Without Trial: Under the U.S. Department of State’s “prudential revocation” policy, a visa may be canceled automatically if an individual is arrested for DUI.
Medical Examination Required: Even if a visa is reinstated, individuals may need to undergo a substance abuse evaluation by a U.S. panel physician to determine if they are “medically ineligible” for a visa.
Impact on Green Card or PR Applications: A DUI—especially multiple offenses—can lead to the denial of a green card or make an applicant “inadmissible” under U.S. immigration law.
Deportation Risk: Multiple DUI convictions can make a permanent resident removable, especially if combined with other offenses.

Even a single DUI arrest can trigger visa cancellation under current U.S. policies, ICE has increasingly treated visa holders as enforcement priorities.”

Who Is at Risk?

Anyone in the U.S. on a temporary or permanent visa should take note:

F-1 Student Visa Holders: Even one DUI can lead to immediate revocation and possible detention.
OPT Participants (Post-Graduation Work): A DUI during OPT can result in denial of a green card or future visa.
H-1B Workers: A DUI can lead to visa cancellation, delays in extensions, or denials of future employment-based immigration.
Green Card Holders: Multiple DUI convictions may make permanent residents deportable under INA §237.

While U.S. citizens face criminal penalties, their status is not at risk. That’s not true for immigrants.

Impact on U.S. Higher Education and Global Reputation

International education leaders are sounding the alarm over the long-term consequences of these enforcement actions:

International students make up over 50% of full-time grad students in STEM fields
Their presence helps subsidize U.S. tuition and fuels innovation and global partnerships
Many are choosing other countries over the U.S. due to fear, unpredictability, and targeted enforcement

“This sends the message that students are not welcome here,” said Fanta Aw, CEO of NAFSA: Association of International Educators.

“It hurts not only higher education, but also America’s competitiveness and diplomacy.”

Miriam Feldblum, director of the Presidents’ Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration, warns the U.S. is losing its edge:

“These actions erode due process, free speech, and trust. They will drive international students away—our loss is the world’s gain.”

She also warned of a possible travel ban targeting students from specific countries, which would further accelerate the drop in international enrollment.

Universities Caught in the Crossfire

Some universities are:

Supporting students (Tufts, Columbia, Georgetown)
Others are under pressure to comply with federal mandates
- Columbia recently made changes to campus policies under threat of losing $400 million in federal grants

What Are Schools Doing to Help?

Universities are under growing pressure to:

Provide clear guidance to international students
Avoid sharing student records with federal authorities without legal compulsion
Offer legal referrals and mental health support
Do not expel students without due process
Publicly affirm students’ speech rights
Monitor SEVIS regularly for status changes
Provide know-your-rights resources

What Happens if a University Expels a Student?

Losing your student status = losing your visa eligibility.

If a school:

Expels or suspends a student for activism
Refuses to defend the student in disciplinary proceedings

That student can be declared out of status, triggering ICE involvement.

How to Maintain Your F-1 Student Visa Status in the U.S.

If you’re an international student in the U.S. on an F-1 visa, maintaining your visa status is crucial. Failure to follow visa rules could lead to termination of your SEVIS record, loss of legal status, and even deportation. Here’s a simple, expanded guide on what it means to be in F-1 status, and exactly what you must do to maintain it throughout your studies.

What Does It Mean to Be in F-1 Student Status?

You are considered to be in F-1 student status if either of the following is true:

You entered the United States with an F-1 visa and were admitted at the border for academic study.
If you’re Canadian, you entered using only your I-20 Form and valid passport (Canadians are not required to have a physical visa).
You came to the U.S. on a different visa type and later received approval from USCIS to change to F-1 status.

In all cases, your primary purpose for being in the U.S. must be to study full-time in an accredited academic program.

How to Maintain Your F-1 Status

To remain in compliance with your visa, you must follow all of the requirements below:

1. Enroll Full-Time Every Fall and Spring Semester

Undergraduates must register for at least 12 credit hours per semester.
Graduate students with assistantships must enroll in at least 9 credits per semester.
Graduate students working on a thesis, dissertation, or exam may register for 1+ credit hours with formal Certification of Full-time Status from the graduate school.

2. Understand Enrollment Rules for Summer and Winter

Summer enrollment is optional unless:
- It is your first semester (then you must register for 6 credits in the same session).
- It is your final semester (then you must register for at least 6 credits).
Winter session enrollment is optional unless required by your program.

Term	Required Credits (Undergrad)	Required Credits (Graduate)
Fall	12	9 (with assistantship)
Spring	12	9 (with assistantship)
Summer*	6 (if first or final term)	Varies (with advisor input)
Winter	3 (if required)	Varies

Learn more about full-time definitions from USCIS

3. Don’t Drop or Withdraw Below Full-Time Without Permission

You must not drop, resign from, or withdraw from classes that bring you below full-time enrollment, unless you have prior approval from your school’s Designated School Official (DSO).
Academic term withdrawals processed after a semester ends will result in automatic status violation and could lead to SEVIS termination.

4. Always Make Normal Progress Toward Your Degree

You must attend classes regularly and maintain passing grades.
Avoid falling behind academically or failing to meet graduation milestones without notifying your advisor and DSO.

5. Follow Other F-1 Rules for Employment and Travel

Don’t work off-campus without written authorization (CPT or OPT).
Keep your passport valid at all times.
Inform your DSO of any address change within 10 days.
Re-verify visa documents before international travel.

Explore USCIS employment rules for F-1 students here:
Optional Practical Training (OPT)

Consequences of Failing to Maintain F-1 Status

Violating F-1 status—whether through unauthorized drop, working off-campus, or falling below full-time—can lead to:

Termination of your SEVIS record
Loss of legal presence in the U.S.
Ineligibility for OPT or future immigration benefits
Potential deportation and reentry bans

In some cases, students may apply for reinstatement of status if the violation was unintentional. However, reinstatement is not guaranteed and can take months to process.

Not Just Students. U.S. to Expand Social Media Vetting for Green Cards, Citizenship, and Asylum Applicants

The U.S. government is planning to significantly expand its surveillance of immigration applicants’ social media activity—including those already in the country legally. This proposal, driven by an executive order from President Donald Trump, would require individuals applying for green cards, U.S. citizenship, asylum, or other immigration benefits to submit their social media usernames as part of the vetting process.

This isn’t entirely new. The practice began under President Obama and ramped up during Trump’s first term. What’s different now is the breadth and target audience: even people already vetted and living in the U.S. would now be swept into a broader surveillance regime.

What’s Being Proposed?

In a March 5, 2025 notice, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requested public comment on a new plan to collect social media handles and platform names (but not passwords) from millions of applicants. The public comment period ends May 5, 2025.

The proposed policy would apply to:

Green card applicants (adjustment of status)
Naturalization applicants (citizenship)
Asylum seekers
DACA recipients applying for renewal
Temporary visa holders requesting extensions

Read the proposal notice here on the Federal Register (search: DHS social media collection 2025).

Why Is the Government Doing This?

According to DHS, this measure is meant to:

Strengthen fraud detection
Prevent identity theft
Support national security screening
Comply with Trump’s Executive Order: “Protecting the United States from Foreign Terrorists and Other National Security and Public Safety Threats”

USCIS says the change will affect approximately 3.6 million people per year.

“These efforts ensure that those seeking immigration benefits… do not threaten public safety, undermine national security, or promote harmful anti-American ideologies,” USCIS said in a statement.

What Are the Concerns?

Civil rights and immigration advocates warn this could:

Chill free speech, especially political views critical of U.S. policies
Be used to flag peaceful dissent or criticism of allies like Israel
Disproportionately target Muslim communities and pro-Palestinian voices
Lead to misinterpretation of online content through flawed algorithms

Rachel Levinson-Waldman, managing director at NYU’s Brennan Center, says:

“This expanded policy reaches people already vetted extensively—people who are legally in the U.S.—and uses social media to make high-stakes immigration decisions.”

She noted that even applicants who complied with earlier rules may now face fresh scrutiny if their social media presence has changed.

A Timeline of Social Media Vetting for Immigration

2014: DHS begins social media screening under Obama for select travelers
2015: Pilot programs expand vetting through DHS and CBP
2017: State Department begins collecting handles from select visa applicants
2019: Policy expanded to nearly all foreign visa applicants (~15 million/year)
2025: Proposal extends screening to green card, asylum, and citizenship applicants already inside the U.S.

Will Artificial Intelligence (AI) Do the Vetting?

Yes—partially. Government agencies are increasingly using AI-driven tools to scan and analyze social media content. However, experts caution these tools are not foolproof.

Leon Rodriguez, former USCIS director (2014–2017), explains:

“AI can help identify patterns, but it’s not reliable enough to replace human judgment. It can easily miss nuance—or worse, flag the wrong person.”

What Kind of Social Media Content Could Get Flagged?

Though the government hasn’t published exact criteria, flagged content might include:

Posts that criticize U.S. foreign policy
Pro-Palestinian activism or sharing Gaza-related images
Sarcastic or joking posts taken out of context
Posts interpreted as “anti-American,” even if political in nature
Associations with flagged accounts or pages

Even deleted posts may be saved if flagged by immigration officers. Fraud Prevention Units are directed to screenshot posts, preserving them in permanent case files.

What About Free Speech Protections?

Many noncitizens—especially those applying from inside the U.S.—still enjoy First Amendment protections.

“You cannot revoke someone’s visa just because they exercised protected speech,” Levinson-Waldman said. “But the reality is murky—immigration law gives the government broad discretion for national security.”

Read more from the Brennan Center for Justice.

How to Protect Yourself

If you’re applying for any immigration benefit, here’s what to do:

Review all your social media accounts
- Check Twitter (X), Facebook, TikTok, Instagram, Reddit, LinkedIn, and others
- Remove or privatize posts that could be misunderstood
Avoid reposting content from controversial groups or causes
Take screenshots of your own posts to document intent and context
Consult an immigration attorney before submitting your application

Understanding Deportation, Removal, and Exclusion Risks for International Students in the U.S.

Aside from the new policies outlined above related to Catch and Revoke, International students in the U.S., including those at institutions are often aware that violating certain laws can result in serious immigration consequences. These may include deportation (removal) from the U.S., or exclusion (denial of entry) if returning after a trip abroad. While serious outcomes are rare, it’s critical to understand what can—and can’t—lead to such consequences, especially under increased scrutiny from U.S. immigration authorities.

Key Agencies Involved: U.S. Customs and ICE

Every international student has dealt with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) upon entry. But when legal trouble arises, the agency most involved is U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

ICE handles:

Deportation/removal proceedings inside the U.S.
Cooperation with U.S. consulates abroad for students trying to re-enter after travel
Sharing information with other law enforcement and consular officers

How Common Are Deportation Cases for Students?

At universities prior to 2025, formal ICE deportation actions are extremely rare, as most international students follow U.S. laws. When students do face legal trouble, it’s often for minor infractions that don’t qualify for removal.

However, greater concern arises when a student:

Leaves the U.S. for a break or vacation
Applies for a new visa or re-entry
Encounters consular review of their criminal or court records

U.S. consulates may have access to your police and court history through Homeland Security databases, which can lead to denied reentry—even for older or minor offenses.

Offenses That Can Lead to Deportation or Removal

These are considered serious under U.S. immigration law:

Aggravated felonies, including:
- Drug trafficking
- Firearms violations
- Murder or rape
Fraud-related crimes
Theft/larceny where the potential sentence exceeds one year
Multiple convictions from separate incidents
Violent felonies such as robbery, arson, or assault

Important: You don’t need to serve jail time for a conviction to make you deportable. What matters is the maximum sentence the law allows for that offense.

For official guidance, see INA 237 – Deportability

Offenses That Usually Don’t Lead to Removal

These common violations typically do not result in deportation on their own:

DUI/DWI (first offense)
Driving without a valid license
Traffic citations (speeding, improper turns, expired tags)
Underage drinking or alcohol possession
Trespassing or disorderly conduct

Still, repeated minor offenses may affect reentry decisions or visa renewals. It’s best to seek legal guidance for any charge, even a seemingly small one.

Exclusion: Denial of Reentry to the U.S.

You can be excluded from returning to the U.S. if you commit certain offenses, even if you were not removed previously. These include:

Any deportable offense listed above
Crimes involving moral turpitude, which typically involve:
- Intent to deceive or harm others
- Violence, coercion, or fraud
- Examples: arson, burglary, sexual assault, domestic battery

A conviction for immigration purposes does not require a full trial. Any of the following may count:

Guilty verdict by a judge or jury
Plea agreement
Court supervision with an admission of guilt
Any imposed penalty, even if it’s probation

Note: Not all convictions will lead to exclusion. Context and legal details matter.

Arrest Warrants and Failure to Appear

Many international students get flagged at the consulate because of a missed court appearance, which often leads to a bench warrant. This is especially common in:

Minor traffic violations
Misdemeanor citations
Unpaid fines or forgotten court dates

These warrants are visible to immigration officials and may require you to:

Provide a police or court report
Explain the situation before being granted a new visa or reentry

Student Legal Services or a private attorney can often help you retrieve and submit this documentation.

Can Expungement Help?

Yes, but with limitations.

States like Illinois allow expungement of many offenses, especially if:
- Charges were dismissed
- You completed court supervision
You usually must wait two years after finishing all court requirements

However:

U.S. immigration authorities are not required to honor expungement
Homeland Security databases may still retain records, even after state expungement
Expunged records may still trigger exclusion during consular review or deportation

This is also true for certain ameliorative actions like pre-trial diversion, or first offender programs, or deferrect adjudciation, which are often considered convictions under immigration law, even though they are not necessarily considered convictions under state law. If you have a question, consult an experienced immigraiton lawyer.

Does Being Investigated Automatically Bar Reentry?

No. Merely being:

Arrested
Detained
Under police investigation

…does not automatically make you inadmissible or excluded from the U.S. However, if the investigation leads to a conviction for a deportable or excludable offense, consequences may follow. Again, catch and revoke can change this process.

What You Can Do If You’re Concerned

Check your court records before leaving the U.S. to avoid surprise warrants
Consult a qualified immigration attorney if you’ve had any legal trouble
Contact Student Legal Services for help retrieving documents or understanding your options

FAQ: Trump-Rubio “Catch and Revoke” Program Targeting International Students

What is the “catch and revoke” program?

The “catch and revoke” program refers to proposed policies by Senator Marco Rubio and former President Donald Trump that aim to identify, monitor, and revoke visas of international students suspected of engaging in conduct deemed to undermine U.S. national security or foreign policy interests. It includes mechanisms for monitoring speech, affiliations, and activities, and allows ICE or the State Department to revoke visas preemptively.

Who is affected by this program?

Primarily, international students in the U.S. on F, J, or M visas. However, others on temporary visas (such as H-1B holders or dependents) may be indirectly impacted if associated with flagged individuals or institutions.

What types of conduct can lead to visa revocation under this program?

Participating in or organizing campus protests critical of U.S. foreign policy
Affiliation with groups labeled as hostile to U.S. interests (even if legal)
Posting anti-U.S. or anti-ally sentiments on social media
Engaging in research deemed sensitive or related to national defense
Having connections to foreign governments considered adversarial by the U.S.
Espionage or technology transfer accusations
Minor violations used as pretext for larger national security claims

Can a student lose their visa for political speech?

Yes, under this program. Though the First Amendment protects free speech, non-citizens on visas have fewer protections, especially if their speech is interpreted as threatening U.S. interests. Even peaceful expression can lead to visa revocation if deemed a foreign policy risk.

What agencies are involved in monitoring and revoking visas under this program?

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
U.S. Department of State
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Local Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs)
Campus police departments working with federal agencies

Can your visa be revoked without notice or a hearing?

Yes. Visa revocations for national security or foreign policy reasons can occur without a hearing or prior notice. You may not know until:

You try to re-enter the U.S.
You’re stopped for questioning
ICE initiates removal proceedings

What are INA 212(a)(3)(C) and related statutes used for in this context?

INA § 212(a)(3)(C) allows visa denial or revocation if the Secretary of State or DHS believes a noncitizen’s presence may have serious adverse foreign policy consequences. It is a broad, discretionary ground often used to target perceived ideological threats rather than criminal behavior.

What happens if your visa is revoked while you are inside the U.S.?

You may:

Lose lawful status immediately
Become subject to ICE detention or deportation
Be unable to transfer schools or change status
Be denied work authorization extensions

You can attempt to challenge revocation, but success is rare and depends on legal support and the circumstances.

Are you entitled to a lawyer if ICE detains you under this program?

Yes, but at your own expense. You are not guaranteed a government-appointed lawyer in immigration proceedings. Having an experienced immigration attorney is critical.

What rights do international students have if approached by ICE or federal agents?

You have the right to remain silent. You do not have to answer questions about political beliefs or affiliations.
You have the right to an attorney (at your own cost).
Do not consent to searches without a warrant.
You can ask: “Am I free to go?” If yes, calmly walk away.
Do not lie. False statements can lead to criminal charges or visa revocation.

What should students avoid posting or sharing online under this program?

Anti-U.S. or anti-allied government sentiments, especially about Israel, Taiwan, or Ukraine
Support for sanctioned organizations or foreign regimes
Satirical or provocative content that may be misinterpreted
Academic research involving defense-related topics without clear permissions

Can group memberships lead to visa issues even if the group is legal in the U.S.?

Yes. The government may consider certain foreign or student groups as hostile to U.S. foreign policy. Even legal memberships may be cited as a reason for visa cancellation.

What should I do if I receive a notice of visa revocation or removal proceedings?

Do not leave the U.S. immediately – departure may trigger a reentry bar.
Contact an immigration attorney immediately.
Request the basis for revocation in writing.
Avoid speaking to agents without your attorney present.
Start gathering all documents (visa, passport, school records, I-20s, etc.).

Can you be deported even if you haven’t broken any laws?

Yes. Visa revocation under foreign policy or national security grounds does not require a criminal conviction. It’s based on suspicion or perceived threat.

Can you appeal a visa revocation?

Revocations by the State Department abroad have no formal appeal.
If you are in the U.S., you may be able to request a review in immigration court, depending on how the revocation was processed.
An experienced attorney can file a motion to reopen or request deferred action in some cases.

Is legal activism or attending a protest a deportable offense under this program?

Not by itself, but if your presence is framed as undermining U.S. foreign policy, it can be used as a pretext for revocation or denial of reentry. Protests supporting governments or movements hostile to the U.S. can be especially risky.

Can U.S. universities protect international students from this kind of targeting?

Universities have limited power. While some institutions offer legal aid or privacy protections, they are often under pressure to cooperate with federal law enforcement or may be unaware of investigations.

How can international students protect themselves under this program?

Keep a low public profile on sensitive political topics.
Use encrypted messaging apps and secure email for sensitive conversations.
Avoid affiliations with flagged groups, especially those with ties to sanctioned states.
Regularly check SEVIS status and school communications.
Consult with a campus immigration adviser if planning to travel or speak publicly.
Avoid unauthorized work or overstaying your visa, which can give ICE additional leverage.

Are there known cases of student visa revocations under this type of program?

Yes. Even before the Trump-Rubio initiative, several students had visas revoked for:

Posting support for Palestinian resistance
Conducting sensitive tech research
Having relatives in sanctioned countries
Participating in protests against U.S. allies

The proposed expansion would increase the scale and scope of this practice.

Can students be detained at the airport and denied reentry without warning?

Yes. Even with a valid visa and I-20, you can be stopped at CBP (Customs and Border Protection), questioned, and denied entry under “expedited removal.” Your devices may be searched and your contacts reviewed.

What should students do before traveling internationally under this program?

Consult a lawyer if you’ve engaged in any political activity.
Back up and clean your devices – remove politically sensitive content.
Carry documentation proving school enrollment, financial support, and ties to home country.
Know your rights at the border – you can refuse to give device passwords, but refusal may result in denial of entry.

What long-term immigration consequences can follow a visa revocation?

Future visa ineligibility under INA 212(a)(3)(C) or 214(b)
Inclusion in security databases
Increased scrutiny on future entries
Barriers to green card eligibility
Association with “inadmissibility for ideological grounds”

Are there legal challenges underway against these types of programs?

Yes. Civil rights and immigrant advocacy groups have challenged some similar visa revocation and speech-monitoring efforts. Courts have occasionally ruled in favor of students, but outcomes vary depending on the administration in power and legal precedent.

Can international students organize or advocate for policy change safely?

Yes, but with caution:

Work with established legal and advocacy groups (e.g., ACLU, NLG)
Document peaceful and lawful conduct
Avoid publicizing risky affiliations
Understand that visibility increases vulnerability

Final Tips for International Students:

Stay informed about changing visa and enforcement policies.
Keep copies of immigration records and legal documents.
Get connected to a local immigration attorney before any issues arise.
Build relationships with your Designated School Official (DSO) and ask for help if you feel targeted.

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Conclusion: Stay, Study, Fight Back

The Trump administration may have launched the most aggressive immigration enforcement campaign against students in U.S. history—but you do not have to leave or give up. Students still have rights, legal protections, and the power to challenge injustice.

As more students are detained or told to self-deport, the U.S. risks not only legal challenges and global backlash, but also the loss of a generation of future scholars, scientists, and leaders.

In a time when international students are being scrutinized like never before, and new policies like “Catch and Revoke” threaten not just academic dreams but fundamental rights, the stakes have never been higher. A single misstep—online or off—can result in devastating consequences: visa revocation, ICE detention, or permanent bars from the United States.

That’s why now, more than ever, international students need an advocate who understands the system, sees the patterns before they happen, and fights relentlessly to protect their futures.

Attorney Richard T. Herman is that advocate.

With over 25 years of experience defending immigrants from over 100 countries, Herman brings not just legal precision, but a deep commitment to justice, strategy, and humanity. He understands the fear. He understands the pressure. And he knows how to build powerful defenses rooted in the law, grounded in facts, and tailored to your life.

If your F-1 visa status feels uncertain, if you’re worried about travel, protests, political expression, or simply want to know how to stay safe in a changing America—don’t wait for the knock on the door.

Contact Attorney Richard T. Herman. Protect your education. Protect your future. Protect your voice.

Call: 216-696-6170

Schedule Your Online Consult Now

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