The United States is entering the most complex, high-enforcement immigration era in decades. F-1 international students — especially those in STEM fields — face new scrutiny, new rules, and new risks. But you still have eight strong legal pathways to remain in the U.S. after graduation. Effective strategies for international students to stay in the U.S. after graduation include pursuing Optional Practical Training (OPT), applying for a work visa like the H-1B, continuing their education, or exploring family sponsorship.

Government sources referenced throughout this guide include:

• USCIS OPT & STEM OPT Guidance
• SEVP Practical Training Guidelines
• 8 CFR §214.2(h) – H-1B Regulations
• Federal Register H-1B Modernization Proposed Rule
• DOL PERM Regulations – 20 CFR §656
• DOS Visa Processing Rules
• ICE Site Visit & Worksite Enforcement Programs

Quick Answer

F-1 graduates can stay in the U.S. through:

1. OPT
2. STEM OPT
3. H-1B
4. Cap-exempt H-1B
5. O-1 extraordinary ability
6. EB-2/EB-3 employer sponsorship
7. Marriage to a U.S. citizen
8. Entrepreneurship pathways (NIW, IER, Startup H-1B)

It is important to note that there is an annual numerical limit on new H-1B visas issued each fiscal year, currently set at 65,000 regular cap plus 20,000 for advanced degree holders. Once granted, H-1B status is initially valid for up to three years and can be extended for another three years under certain circumstances.

Each path is broken down in detail below, with government and legal references included.

Fast Facts

• Over 1.1 million international students study in the U.S.
• OPT/STEM OPT is the #1 post-graduation immigration path
• H-1B RFEs and denials are rising
• Project 2025 targets OPT/STEM OPT reductions
• Ohio has one of the strongest STEM employment ecosystems in the U.S.
• USCIS and ICE are conducting more site visits and audits than ever
• International students can apply for the Diversity Visa (DV) Program annually as a strategy to gain permanent residency.

Government reference: USCIS OPT Overview (https://www.uscis.gov/i-765)
Additional reference: SEVP OPT Guidance (https://www.ice.gov/sevis/practical-training)

OPT provides 12 months of work authorization directly related to your degree. OPT applications can take up to 90 days for processing, so students are advised to apply early. Students must submit their OPT application to USCIS before completing their degree to qualify for post-completion OPT.

OPT Requirements (USCIS Policy Manual — Practical Training)

• Apply within USCIS filing window
• Cannot begin work before EAD card arrives
• Must report employer changes in SEVIS within 10 days
• Cannot exceed 90 days of unemployment

Major Ohio OPT Employers

Cleveland Clinic, Progressive, Nationwide Insurance, JPMorgan Chase, KeyBank.

HLG Resources

F-1 to H-1B Visa Guide
F-1 Denial or Revocation Guide

Government reference: USCIS STEM OPT Hub

Key Requirements

• Employer must participate in E-Verify
• I-983 training plan must match job reality
• ICE may conduct site visits at any time
• Job duties must be STEM-aligned
• Must work 20+ hours per week

2025 Enforcement Trends (ICE)

• More audits
• More denials for inconsistent job descriptions
• Increased enforcement of supervision requirements

HLG Resource

STEM OPT Extension Guide

H-1B Specialty Occupation Visa

Government reference: H-1B Program Overview (USCIS)
https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/h-1b-specialty-occupations

Regulatory source: 8 CFR §214.2(h)

H-1B has traditionally been the main path for F-1 graduates seeking long-term U.S. employment. However, obtaining an H-1B visa is a competitive and uncertain process due to the annual lottery system put in place to award the visas. International students on F-1 visas can apply for the H-1B visa only after securing a job offer from a U.S. employer who is willing to sponsor their visa application.

Benefits

• Dual intent
• 3-year increments
• Many paths to green card sponsorship

Ohio H-1B Employers

Cleveland Clinic, OSU, UC Health, Nationwide Children’s, Honda, Progressive.

HLG Resources

• H-1B Visa Guide
  Complete Guide to H-1B Visa Requirements in 2025-2026
• How to Respond to H-1B RFEs or Denials
  Request for Evidence: H-1B Visa RFE for Employer

Government reference: Federal Register H-1B Modernization NPRM
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/23/2023-23101/modernizing-h-1b-requirements-and-oversight

H1B Crisis

1. New proposed lottery rule

DHS proposes to:

• Prioritize higher wage levels
• Reduce entry-level approvals
• Prioritize advanced degrees & “elite” academic credentials
• Increase documentation requirements

This impacts:

• Level 1 and 2 wage positions
• Business/data analyst roles
• Junior software engineers
• Early-career STEM grads

2. The $100,000 H-1B fee — important note

Government reference: DHS Immigration Fee Rule (Federal Register)
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/01/31/2024-01521/us-citizenship-and-immigration-services-fee-schedule

• The proposed $100k fee applies only to consular visa processing.
• F-1 students who file H-1B change of status (COS) inside the U.S. do NOT trigger the $100k fee.
• If you leave the U.S. for stamping → you may trigger the fee.

3. RFEs / NOIDs / Denials are rising

Government reference: USCIS H-1B RFE Trends Reports

Reasons:

• Degree–job mismatch
• Wage-level issues
• “Generic” job duties
• Failure to show specialty occupation
• Third-party placement concerns

4. Site visits & investigations

Government reference: ICE Worksite Enforcement
https://www.ice.gov/features/worksite-enforcement

FDNS/ICE verification includes:

• Job duties
• Hours
• Worksite address
• Remote/hybrid arrangements
• Specialized knowledge validation

O-1 Visa

Government reference: 8 CFR §214.2(o) – O-1 Regulations

The best visa for high-achieving F-1 graduates in STEM, research, arts, design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. EB-1 is a category for employment-based green cards for individuals of extraordinary ability, outstanding professors and researchers, and multinational executives.

Qualifying Evidence

• Publications or citations
• Patents
• Prestigious awards
• Press coverage
• High-impact research
• Startup traction

HLG Resource

O-1 Visa Guide

Cap Exempt H1b

Government reference: USCIS Cap-Exempt H-1B

Cap-exempt employers can sponsor H-1Bs at any time, with no lottery.

Ohio Cap-Exempt Employers

Cleveland Clinic, Case Western, OSU, UC, MetroHealth, Nationwide Children’s.

EB-2/EB-3 Green Cards

Government reference: DOL PERM Labor Certification
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/programs/permanent

Many STEM F-1 graduates qualify early for employment-based sponsorship.

Common Ohio Fields

Healthcare, biotech, robotics, engineering, AI, research.

HLG Resources

PERM Labor Certification Guide
National Interest Waiver (NIW) Guide

Marriage to a U.S. Citizen

Government reference: USCIS Green Card Eligibility (INA 245(a))
https://www.uscis.gov/green-card/green-card-processes-and-procedures/adjustment-of-status

A fast, reliable path to permanent residence if you are in a bona fide relationship. Once married to a U.S. citizen, an F-1 student can file an adjustment of status application to obtain a green card.

Ohio Interview Trends

• Cleveland: document-heavy
• Columbus: relationship detail-focused
• Cincinnati: efficient but precise

HLG Resource

Marriage Green Card Guide

Entrepreneurship Options (NIW, IER, Startup H-1B)

Government references:

• DHS International Entrepreneur Rule (IER)
  https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/humanitarian-parole/international-entrepreneur-parole
• NIW Regulation (8 CFR §204.5(k))

Ideal for founders, researchers, and innovators in AI, biotech, engineering, or data science.

HLG Resource

H1B for Entrepreneurs and Startups

Why Ohio Is a Top State for F-1 Students

• Major research hospitals
• Universities with cap-exempt sponsorship
• High demand for STEM roles
• Strong corporate presence
• Lower housing costs
• Multiple HLG offices supporting students

Local HLG Offices

e are verified local pages on the HLG website for Ohio, with clean underlined links:

• Cleveland Immigration Lawyers, Ohio
• Immigration Attorney Columbus Ohio
• Ohio Immigration Lawyer United States

Red Flags That Can Destroy F-1 Futures

• Day-1 CPT
• Unauthorized remote or contract work
• Unreported SEVIS changes
• Travel during change-of-status filings
• Weak I-983 plans
• Unpaid “fake volunteer” work
• Working fewer hours than reported
• Employers not in E-Verify (STEM OPT)

50-Question FAQ

OPT & STEM OPT (1–15)

1. What is OPT?
OPT is a 12-month work authorization period for F-1 students.

2. When can I apply for OPT?
Up to 90 days before graduation and up to 60 days after.

3. Can I work before my EAD arrives?
No.

4. What jobs qualify for OPT?
Jobs directly related to your major.

5. What is the unemployment limit?
90 days total.

6. Can I volunteer on OPT?
Yes, if related and documented.

7. Can I switch employers?
Yes — report within 10 days.

8. Can I travel while OPT is pending?
Risky and not recommended.

9. What if OPT is denied?
Refiling, appeals, or status change options exist.

10. Do unpaid internships count?
Yes, when legitimate.

11. What is STEM OPT?
A 24-month extension for STEM fields.

12. What is required for STEM OPT?
E-Verify employer, I-983 plan, supervision.

13. What triggers ICE site visits?
Training plan inconsistencies.

14. Can I be self-employed on STEM OPT?
Generally no.

15. How long does STEM OPT take?
Typically 60–120 days.

H-1B & Cap-Exempt (16–30)

16. What is H-1B?
A specialty occupation work visa.

17. Is H-1B harder in 2025?
Yes, due to new rules and scrutiny.

18. Can small companies sponsor H-1B?
Yes.

19. When should I apply?
While on OPT or STEM OPT.

20. What is cap-exempt H-1B?
University/affiliated roles with no lottery.

21. Can I transfer from cap-exempt to regular H-1B?
Yes.

22. Why do H-1Bs get RFEs?
Job mismatch, wage issues, poor evidence.

23. What is an NOID?
A Notice of Intent to Deny.

24. What counts as a specialty occupation?
Roles requiring a specific bachelor’s degree.

25. Do hybrid roles face scrutiny?
Yes.

26. Are third-party worksites risky?
Very.

27. Can I apply from abroad?
Yes.

28. What if my employer won’t sponsor?
Consider O-1, NIW, or cap-exempt roles.

29. Does the $100k fee apply to F-1 COS?
No.

30. Does H-1B lead to a green card?
Often yes.

Green Cards (31–40)

31. What is EB-2?
For advanced-degree workers.

32. What is EB-3?
For skilled professionals.

33. What is PERM?
Labor market certification.

34. How long does PERM take?
12–24 months.

35. Can I start PERM on OPT?
Yes.

36. What is NIW?
Self-sponsored green card.

37. Does NIW require job offer?
No.

38. Can students qualify for NIW?
Yes.

39. Is NIW faster than PERM?
Often.

40. Can I travel during green card filing?
Only with advance parole.

Marriage & Status (41–45)

41. Can F-1 students marry U.S. citizens?
Yes.

42. Are Ohio interviews difficult?
Varies by office.

43. Do LGBTQ+ couples face issues?
No.

44. Can I be detained at interview?
Very rarely.

45. Is changing lawyers allowed?
Yes — anytime.

Crisis & Strategy (46–50)

46. What if H-1B is denied?
Refiling, appeal, O-1, NIW, B-2 bridge.

47. What if I overstay?
Seek legal counsel immediately.

48. Can I travel during COS?
No — it abandons the application.

49. Best long-term options?
NIW, EB-2, O-1, cap-exempt H-1B.

50. Do I need a lawyer?
Highly recommended.

Comprehensive Resource Directory

HLG Articles — F-1 Students, Denials, Revocations, Enforcement

• Trump Effort to End or Restrict OPT (Threat to International Students)
• F-1 to H-1B: Fast-Track Your Visa Status Change
• How Do New H-1B Restrictions Impact F-1 Students in 2026 (OPT, CPT, Cap-Gap)
• Understanding the Impact of F-1 Visa Trump Policies on International Students
• Top 10 Questions F-1 Students Ask Immigration Lawyers (2025)
• FAQ: What If I Can’t File H-1B During 60-Day Grace Period …
• Increased Site Visits for OPT and CPT Student Workers
• OPT Expiring in 4 Months? Guide to Finding the Right Immigration Attorney

1. Over 1,200 International Students’ Status Revoked: Mass Visa Cancellations Rock U.S. Campuses
   Richard T. Herman
   Over 1,200 International Students’ Status Revoked: Mass Visa Cancellations Rock U.S. Campuses
2. Denial Rate Student Visa 2025: U.S. Denials Hit 41%, a 10-Year High — What International Students Need to Know
   Vania Stefanova
   Denial Rate Student Visa 2025: U.S. Denials Hit 41%, a 10-Year High — What International Students Need to Know
3. Trump International Student Visa Revocation Fallout Crisis — Suspension of Interviews and Impact on Students
   Trump International Student Visa Revocation Fallout Crisis — Suspension of Interviews and Impact on Students
4. Foreign Students in 2025: F-1 Visa Revocations, SEVIS Terminations, and Deportation Threats — A Legal Resource
   Richard T. Herman
   Foreign Students in 2025: F-1 Visa Revocations, SEVIS Terminations, and Deportation Threats — A Legal Resource
5. F-1 Student Visa Interviews Conditions June 2025: Are They Back On?
   Richard T. Herman
   F-1 Student Visa Interviews Conditions June 2025: Are They Back On?
6. How Recent Immigration Changes Impact Students and Employment-Based Petitioners: A Survival Guide for 2025–2026
   Richard T. Herman
   How Recent Immigration Changes Impact Students and Employment-Based Petitioners: A Survival Guide for 2025–2026

Government Sources

USCIS

• OPT: https://www.uscis.gov/i-765
• H-1B: https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/h-1b-specialty-occupations
• COS rules: https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-7-part-b-chapter-2

SEVP / DHS

• SEVIS guidance: https://www.ice.gov/sevis
• Practical Training: https://www.ice.gov/sevis/practical-training

ICE

• Worksite Enforcement: https://www.ice.gov/features/worksite-enforcement
• OPT/STEM details: https://www.ice.gov/sevis/opt

Department of State

• Visa directory: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas.html
• Visa wait times: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/wait-times.html

Department of Labor

• PERM: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/programs/permanent
• Wage data: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/wages

Federal Register

• Immigration rules: https://www.federalregister.gov/topics/immigration
• H-1B Modernization: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/23/2023-23101/modernizing-h-1b-requirements-and-oversight
• DHS Fee Rule: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/01/31/2024-01521/us-citizenship-and-immigration-services-fee-schedule

Research Organizations

NAFSA

• International student economic impact: https://www.nafsa.org/policy-and-advocacy/policy-resources/nafsa-international-student-economic-value-tool
• Policy resources: https://www.nafsa.org/policy-and-advocacy/policy-resources

Migration Policy Institute (MPI)

• Student/STEM data: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/intl-students-and-foreign-born-stem-workers
• H-1B analysis: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/migration-policy-institute/h1b

Brookings

• Immigration & workforce research: https://www.brookings.edu/topic/immigration/

Media

Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/us/

Associated Press
https://apnews.com/hub/immigration

NewsNation
https://www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/immigration/

Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/immigration

We Can Help

Your path forward doesn’t need to be confusing or risky. Whether you need help with OPT, STEM OPT, H-1B, O-1, NIW, marriage-based green cards, or long-term planning: consulting with an immigration lawyer is highly recommended for guidance on complex immigration pathways. Many F-1 students benefit from personalized legal counsel when transitioning to different immigration statuses.

Schedule a consultation with Attorney Richard T. Herman

Your future deserves expert protection.